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Adding external memory to Atmega128

Atmega128 is equipped with internal 4Kbytes of SRAM memory. Is it enough? Well, it depends on what project it’s going to hold. If your project must deal with loads of data or run more extensive RTOS code, you will run out of RAM pretty soon. Atmega128 microcontroller has an external memory interface built-in, which allows expansion of RAM up to 64 Kbytes. With that, you could do much more. I used the Piconomic Atmega128 development board to test things out, which has an XMEM interface header brought out. All we need is to make an XMEM expansion board with some SRAM memory. I’ve chosen a standard 8Kx8 (8Kbytes) memory chip from Alliance Memory Inc. I could use 64Kx8, but this is what I had at the moment. To drive the memory chip, I’ve used a 74HC573 non-inverting latch. As you may know, the latch is used for pins that share the same pins for address and data buses. To access SRAM contents, we need to select a 16-bit address pointing to an 8-bit data cell in the chip. As we are using an 8Kx8 memory chip, we are going to use only 13Address lines. The microcontroller has dedicated pins for…

Arduino introduces new boards – Uno and Mega2560

Arduino is a well-known platform among electronics hobbyists because of its simplicity, robust and intuitive design, and ease of use even for non-electronics enthusiasts. Instead of introducing new PCB variants or different microcontrollers on board, they made some significant upgrades in the Arduino concept. Recent changes came with two new Arduino boards, so-called Uno and Mega2560. Probably the most significant difference is the USB to serial converter. They decided to replace seemed to be hard-positioned FTDI chip FT232RL with microcontroller Atmega8U2 that has a hardware USB interface. With this upgrade, the Arduino board becomes much more flexible as a microcontroller driver can be configured more than a simple USB to serial converter. It also can convert Arduino to a standard keyboard, mouse, MIDI, and mass storage device. So, there are much more ways to use Arduino now. But this is not over yet. Arduino decided to change the bootloader too with the new Optiboot firmware that brings some improvements as well. The new bootloader occupies 1.5kB less code space leaving it for applications and loads firmware to flash faster.

Human And Machines Got Even Closer

In this era, when technology continues to get advanced and better, it may pleasantly surprise many to note that machines are getting closer to humans. They are performing duties that no one hitherto would be possible. In other words, machines and gadgets are being invented that can imitate human functioning, for example, in the human brain, eyes, and so forth. But perhaps one of the latest inventions, a clear manifestation of humans getting even closer to humans, is the machine that has been made and can imitate the human voice. The device was invented as part of completion for the Artificial Conversational Entities, known as the ACE. Several machines that could mimic the human voice were entered for the competition, and the winner was really awesome. During the competition, judges selected some of the five best machines and competed for five minutes to get the best. This comprised a five minute kind of interrogation, where there were unrestricted conversations with the machines, which tried to pass off as human beings. So real did these machines sound that one would not tell whether one was a machine or a human being.

Running TX433 and RX433 RF modules with AVR microcontrollers

Sometimes in embedded design, you may want to go wireless. Maybe you will want to log readings of remotely placed sensors, or build a remote control for a robot or design an alarm system. Radio communications between two AVR microcontrollers can be easily set up with specialized modules. Let us try to run very well-known RF modules TX433 and RX433 (or similar) that can be found almost in every electronics shop. The pair of them cost less than 15 bucks. Transmitter and receiver modules are tuned together to work correctly at the exact 433.92MHz. The transmitter can be powered from a 3 to 12V power supply while the receiver accepts 5V. The 5V is standard for AVR microcontrollers, ideal for 5V devices. Modules do not require additional components – apply power and connect a single data line to transmit data.

Does Electronics Really Help Us

Electronics is a vast stream. The subject is pervasive in itself. Electronics are the primary source of almost everything that is happening today. The whole working of the items is dependent mainly on the electronics base. In our daily lives, we can see uncountable examples of the number of electronics used around us. From our environment itself, we can see how electronics can find their use in so many work departments. Human beings are slowly becoming addicted to the use of electronics in their lives. They have become almost dependant on the machines for their work. For example, the computer is the most commonly used machine, which is the best illustration of electronics in our lives. People have started being dependent on these machines to a large extent. All the work that was earlier known to be done by the people is now seen as to be done by the various devices and also the computer. Such is the help provided by the electronics to the people in their lives.

Simple logic analyzer for hobbyists

Logic analyzer isn’t a “must have” tool, especially for hobbyists. Most measurements of logic signals can be made with oscilloscope. But it doesn’t hurt to have one especially it costs cents literally.

Free fast and useful java based circuit simulator

Sometimes it is better to see one time than try to imagine things – especially in electronics. When designing something in electronics, it is probably the best way to take some circuit simulator and make a simple model see how it works before putting it into real worlds design. If you want to create complex circuit simulations, you probably should choose professional Spice based electronic circuit simulation tools. But what if you need a simple “pocket-sized„ simulator that would remind you of simple basics of how circuits work, how current flows in one or another situation. For this, you should try this Java-based circuit simulator.

Simple ways to save energy

Energy is a central economic factor for any country and especially for any household in any nation. Governments consider energy both as an economic impulsion and as a political factor that can generate the much-needed votes for any major election – consider the election of Barrack Obama’s election, the United States President. However, while these governments seek more energy, not all of them, in fact, a few, consider Ways to save energy. That has always been left to the homeowners and business holders who have more to lose in terms of money if they don’t like device simple time tested ways to save energy. For such, the simple ways to save energy are given because as earlier said, they have more to lose. Monitor the meter They say that it is important to know your enemy before you set out to fight him; the same applies to your home or business’s energy input devices. You need to understand the amount of energy that your home or business uses per month. This will offer you a valuable indicator of how much used and how much can be saved per month. Moreover, it will be important to do walking around to ascertain…

Robots home helpers taking over a work load

Domestic robots or home helpers can be used for household chores like vacuum cleaning and serving guests. Science inventions and technological breakthroughs have enabled the use and help of these artificial human beings to be greatly received and appreciate for the ease at which they are making be. Some people are even demanding much more improved robots that can actually think and do things just like a human in a more natural way With the trend and emergence of more technology, it is presumed that robots that are home helpers will be more common shortly than it has ever been seen. Right now, the most commonly used robot home helpers are vacuum cleaners. The vacuum cleaners use an air pump to create a semi or partial vacuum to suck up dust and dirt from the floors. The collected dirt and dust are also stored in the dust bag or cyclone for future disposal. These robots home helpers are actually creating and making work much easier and faster as well as efficient. All one needs to do is control the vacuum cleaner as it collects all the dust from the floors or tables and leaving them spotlessly clean

Molecular Transistors will make breakthrough in electronics

Nobody can doubt scientists’ effort when it comes to transistors and their importance in modern technological advancements. Over time, transistors have been in the market, designed from singular molecules. Electron flow in these transistors has been facilitated by the modulation of energy produced by molecular orbits or orbital. This behavior has greatly influenced the genesis of current and future molecular transistors and other devices. Since transistors (integration of circuit elements) work with the electric current flowing within the electrodes (drain and source electrodes), trying to improve voltage put to the 3rd electrode, normally referred to as gate electrode, the manufacture of these transistors takes time, money and energy. Determination by scientists and researchers so far have a fruit; they have made a breakthrough with the first molecular transistors being made. This transistor brand is made from one molecule, has its benzene molecule bonded to the vibrant gold contacts, and works or performs like the silicon transistors. The presence of varying energy degrees in the molecule can easily be manipulated by varying states of energy. Through this, you can be able to assert yourself in controlling the passage of current via it.